Fig. 9

Visualization of the depth and time range of different stakeholders’ available knowledge about a volcano (top) and of relative intensity of eruption impacts and return period (bottom). Coloured lines suggest the upper time range of a stakeholder’s available knowledge. For example, a scientist might have less available direct knowledge of a volcano than a local resident in the short term but can draw on more knowledge of a volcano over longer timescales through access to other information sources. This image can help us understand how different stakeholders might experience changes in volcanic activity in the context of their previous experience, available knowledge, and timescales over which this knowledge applies