Table 1 Key lahar rheological parameters used in the numerical simulations with SPH for 8 different scenarios (refer to Table 7 in Appendix A for the associated physical meaning of the combination of the various parameters). ϕ_b: basal friction angle of the propagating flow, h_w^rel: relative water height, p_w^rel: ratio of pore water pressure to liquefaction pressure; c_v: consolidation factor, K: empirical parameter for the bed entrainment law of Blanc et al. (2011). * The calibration was performed by using some results of Cuomo et al. (2016) and Baumann et al. (2019)

From: Lahar risk assessment from source identification to potential impact analysis: the case of Vulcano Island, Italy