Figure 2
From: Reducing risk from lahar hazards: concepts, case studies, and roles for scientists
Schematic representation of the four basic strategies to reduce lahar-hazard risk within lahar hazard zones. Strategies include (1) hazard avoidance with land-use planning and zonation; (2) hazard modification with engineered protection structures (bypass channel and deflection berm); (3) hazard warning to allow for timely evacuation; and (4) hazard response and recovery, which minimize long-term impacts after a lahar has occurred.